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<title>Max Bodenstein</title>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Max Bodenstein</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Max Bodenstein</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Max Ernst August Bodenstein</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1871-07-15</span>)</span>July 15, 1871<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, <a href="German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 3, 1942<span style="display:none">(1942-09-03)</span> (aged 71)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Germany" title="Germany">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bodenstein_number" title="Bodenstein number">Bodenstein number</a>, a special type of <a href="Peclet_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Peclet number">Peclet number</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a></li><li><a href="Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a></li><li><a href="Leibniz_University_Hannover" title="Leibniz University Hannover">Leibniz University Hannover</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Über die Zersetzung des Jodwasserstoffes in der Hitze </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1893)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Victor_Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Meyer">Victor Meyer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Erika_Cremer" title="Erika Cremer">Erika Cremer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b> Max Ernst August Bodenstein</b> (July 15, 1871 – September 3, 1942) was a German <a href="Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemist</a> known for his work in <a href="Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a>. He was first to postulate a <a href="Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> mechanism and that <a href="Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a> are branched chain reactions, later applied to the <a href="Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div>

<p>Max Bodenstein was born in Magdeburg on 15 July 1871 as the eldest son of Magdeburg merchant and brewer Franz Bodenstein (1834–1885) and his first wife Elise Meissner (1846–1876).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<p>In 1888, Max Bodenstein enrolled at the University of Heidelberg at the age of 17 to study chemistry with <a href="Carl_Remigius_Fresenius" title="Carl Remigius Fresenius">Carl Remigius Fresenius</a>. On 25 October 1893, he received his PhD thesis: "<i>Über die Zersetzung des Jodwasserstoffes in der Hitze</i>" (On the degradation of hydrogen iodide in hot temperature), with <a href="Victor_Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Meyer">Victor Meyer</a> as his supervisor at the <a href="University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a>.

</p><p>Following graduation, Bodenstein received two years of additional training in Berlin-Charlottenburg and Göttingen. Bodenstein studied <a href="Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> and <a href="Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> in flowing systems and discovered diffusion controlled catalytic reactions and <a href="Photochemical_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical reaction">photochemical reactions</a> with <a href="Karl_Liebermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Liebermann">Karl Liebermann</a> at the <a href="Technische_Hochschule" title="Technische Hochschule">Technische Hochschule</a> in Charlottenburg (now <a href="Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a>), and <a href="Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical chemistry</a> with <a href="Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a> at the <a href="University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div>

<p>In 1896, Max Bodenstein returned to the <a href="University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a>, where he studied decomposition of <a href="Hydrohalic_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrohalic acids">hydrohalic acids</a> and their formation.

</p><p>In 1899, he habilitated with the theme: "<i>Gasreaktionen in der chemischen Kinetik</i>" (Gas reactions in chemical kinetics).

</p><p>In 1900, Max Bodenstein became Lecturer at the physicochemical institute of <a href="Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> at <a href="University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>. In 1904, he was appointed as Titularprofessor at the same institute.

</p><p>In 1906, he became associate professor at the <a href="University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> and department head at the physicochemical institute of <a href="Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a>.

</p><p>In 1908, he decided to change to the <a href="University_of_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hannover">University of Hannover</a> where he was appointed ordinary professor in electrochemistry and director of the <a href="Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">electrochemical</a> institute. He also became professor of physical chemistry in 1911.

</p><p>In 1923, he returned to Berlin where he accepted to be ordinary professor of physical chemistry and director of the physicochemical institute after the retirement of Walther Nernst. He kept these positions until he retired in 1936.

</p><p>Max Bodenstein was also member of the "<i>German Atomgewichtskommission</i>" (German Commission of <a href="Atomic_Weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Weight">Atomic Weights</a>) and co-editor of the journal "<i>Physikalische Chemie</i>" (Physical chemistry).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2></div>

<p>Max Bodenstein is considered to be one of the founders of chemical kinetics.

</p><p>He started by detailed experimental work on the formation of hydrogen iodide. His technique was to mix hydrogen and iodine in a sealed tube, which he placed in a thermostat and held at a constant high temperature. The reaction eventually reached an <a href="Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">equilibrium</a>, at which the rate of formation of hydrogen iodide was equal to the rate of decomposition to the original reaction (H<sub>2</sub> + I<sub>2</sub> ≡ 2HI). The equilibrium mixture of hydrogen, iodine, and hydrogen iodide was frozen by rapid cooling, and the amount of hydrogen iodide present could be analyzed. Using different amounts of initial reactants, Bodenstein could vary the amounts present at equilibrium and verify the law of chemical equilibrium proposed in 1863 by <a href="Cato_Maximilian_Guldberg" title="Cato Maximilian Guldberg">Cato Maximilian Guldberg</a> and <a href="Peter_Waage" title="Peter Waage">Peter Waage</a>. His work, published in 1899, was one of the first equilibrium investigations over an extended temperature range.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Bodenstein also investigated in photochemistry, being first to demonstrate that, in the reaction of hydrogen with chlorine, the high performance could explain by means of a chain reaction. Future inventor of the gas chromatograph, <a href="Erika_Cremer" title="Erika Cremer">Erika Cremer</a> worked with Bodenstein at this time and wrote her dissertation on the hydrogen-chlorine chain reaction in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explored in great detail the reaction mechanism of reaction between hydrogen and chlorine.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this research, he contributed to the understanding in light-induced chemical chain reactions and thus contributed to the photochemistry. In his kinetic studies,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he used the <a href="Steady_state_(chemistry)" title="Steady state (chemistry)">quasi-steady state approximation</a> to derive the <a href="Rate_equation" title="Rate equation">rate equation</a> of the reaction. When an <a href="Stepwise_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepwise reaction">overall reaction</a> is subdivided into <a href="Elementary_step" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary step">elementary steps</a>, Bodenstein's quasi-steady state approximation neglects the variations in the concentrations of <a href="Reaction_intermediate" title="Reaction intermediate">reaction intermediates</a> by assuming that these will remain quasi-constant. These reactive intermediates can be radicals, carbenium ions, molecules in the excited state, etc.

</p><p><a href="Victor_Henri" title="Victor Henri">Victor Henri</a> wrote in 1902: "M. Bodenstein to whom I owe much valuable advice",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular on the kinetic description of the invertase enzyme. Thus, Bodenstein contributed to early research in enzyme kinetics. According to Henri and a later paper by Bodenstein himself,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1901 or 1902, he suggested the enzyme-kinetic rate law

v = V S / (mS + nP).

Henri corrected this into

v = V S / (1 + mS + nP) (both written in modern notation; S, substrate concentration, P, product concentration).

</p><p>The <i><a href="Bodenstein_number" title="Bodenstein number">Bodenstein number</a></i> (Bo), a dimensionless number that is often used to describe axial mixing in so-called axial-dispersion models for tubular reactors, is named after him. It represents the ratio between the convective transport to the transport by axial dispersion.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_fellowships">Awards and fellowships</h2></div>

<p>In 1924, Max Bodenstein became fellow of the <a href="G%C3%B6ttingen_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Göttingen Academy of Sciences">Göttingen Academy of Sciences</a>. In 1925, he became fellow of the <a href="Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a>, and in 1933 fellow of the German <a href="Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences Leopoldina">Academy of Sciences Leopoldina</a>.

</p><p>On 21 November 1936, he was awarded the "<i><a href="August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> votive medal</i>" from the "<i>German Chemical Society</i>" (Deutsche chemische Gesellschaft). In 1942, he also became fellow of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Furthermore, he became <a href="Honorary_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctor">honorary doctor</a> of science of <a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and Dr.-Ing. E.h. (honorary doctor of engineering).

</p><p>On 13 September 1983, a tablet commemorating Max Bodenstein and <a href="Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a> was unveiled at the Physicochemical Institute of the University of Berlin, Bunsenstraße 1, Berlin-Mitte.<sup id="cite_ref-tablet_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tablet-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

<p>In 1896, Max Bodenstein married Marie Nebel (17 February 1862 – 8 October 1944), daughter of the lawyer Frederick Nebel and Mary Busch, in <a href="Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>. They had two daughters: Hilde (in 1897) and Elsbeth (in 1901).

</p><p>Max Bodenstein died in <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> on 3 September 1942. His tomb is at the cemetery <a href="Evangelischer_Kirchhof_Nikolassee" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelischer Kirchhof Nikolassee">Evangelischer Kirchhof Nikolassee</a>, no. J13/14).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford University Press, <i>A Dictionary of Scientists</i>, 1999, Oxford Paperbacks, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-280086-2</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Bodenstein, Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie (1899) 29, 295–314</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrinstein,_Louise_S.Rose,_Rose_K.Rafailovich,_Miriam_H.1993" class="citation book cs1">Grinstein, Louise S.; Rose, Rose K.; <a href="Miriam_Rafailovich" title="Miriam Rafailovich">Rafailovich, Miriam H.</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womeninchemistry00grin"><i>Women in chemistry and physics : a biobibliographic sourcebook</i></a></span>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-313-27382-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27068054">27068054</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Bodenstein, W. Dux, Photochemische Kinetik des Chlorknallgases. Z. Phys. Chemie (1913) 85, 297–328</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Bodenstein, Eine Theorie der photochemischen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten, Z. Phys. Chem. (1913) 85, 390–421</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Henri, Théorie générale de l’action de quelques diastases, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. (1902) 135, 916–919.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Bodenstein, Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und Katalyse im Jahre 1908, Z. Elektrochem. (1909) 15, 329–397.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-tablet-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tablet_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nernst.de/pci-berlin/tablet1983.htm">Image of commemorative tablet</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>Chemische Kinetik</i>. Ergebnisse der exakten Naturwiss., Berlin 1922; I., page 197–209</li>

<li><i>Photochemie</i>. Ergebnisse der exakten Naturwiss., Berlin 1922; I, page 210–227</li>

<li>Completed references of his works in the library of <a href="Berlin-Brandenburgische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften">Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Completed references of his works in the <a href="Wiley_Interscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Interscience">Wiley Interscience</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bodenstein%2C%20Max%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Max%20Bodenstein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bodenstein%2C%20Max%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Max%20Bodenstein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bodenstein%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Max%20Bodenstein%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bodenstein%2C%20Max%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Max%20Bodenstein%22%29%20OR%20%28%221871-1942%22%20AND%20Bodenstein%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Max Bodenstein</a> at the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026144417/http://nernst.de/bodenstein/bodenstein.htm">Max Bodenstein biography</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D101311753">Max Bodenstein</a> in the <a href="German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li></ul>

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href="https://www.idref.fr/085890197">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g77b1t">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/236d8ff7-cd0f-44c8-a841-4bcd8943c99e">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Works in library of <a href="Berlin-Brandenburgische_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften">Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/kataloge/literaturnachweise/bodenste/literatur.pdf">[1]</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Works in <a href="Wiley_Interscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Interscience">Wiley Interscience</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/search/allsearch?mode=quicksearch&WISindexid1=WISall&WISsearch1=max+bodenstein">[2]</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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